📄 Article 1: Causes of the War

📝 Extracted Text:

Deposing Diem The situation in South Vietnam continued to get worse. The Diem government was corrupt, and the ARVN could not fight off the Viet Cong. In 1961, American President John F. Kennedy sent more money, weapons and supplies. Discussions began in Washington, D.C., regarding the need to overthrow Diem and put a new leader in place in Saigon. On November 2, 1963, the CIA aided a group of ARVN officers who captured and killed Diem. Political instability followed, with the rise and fall of several military governments. To help deal with the chaos, Kennedy increased the number of U.S. advisers in South Vietnam. After Kennedy was assassinated later that month, Lyndon B. Johnson became president. He renewed America's commitment to fighting communism in the region. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

罢黜吴廷琰 越南南方局势持续恶化。吴廷琰政府腐败无能，南越军队（ARVN）无法抵御越共。1961年，美国总统约翰·F·肯尼迪增派了资金、武器和物资。华盛顿特区开始讨论推翻吴廷琰并在西贡扶植新领导人的必要性。1963年11月2日，中央情报局（CIA）协助一群南越军官逮捕并杀害了吴廷琰。随后政局动荡，多个军政府相继上台又下台。为应对混乱局面，肯尼迪增加了在南越的美国顾问人数。肯尼迪于当月晚些时候遇刺身亡后，林登·B·约翰逊继任总统。他重申了美国在该地区打击共产主义的承诺。 本文有5个阅读级别，可在https://newsela.com查阅。

📝 Extracted Text:

First Indochina War However, discussions soon broke down. In December 1946, the French shelled the city of Haiphong and forced their way into the capital, Hanoi. These actions set off a conflict between the French and the Viet Minh, known as the First Indochina War. Fought mainly in North Vietnam, it began as a low-level, rural guerrilla war, as Viet Minh forces conducted hit-and-run attacks on the French. In 1949, fighting escalated as Chinese communist forces from the south of the country began supplying the Viet Minh with weapons. The conflict ended when the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The war was ultimately settled by the Geneva Accords of 1954. It temporarily divided the country at the 17th parallel. It is a circle of latitude 17 degrees north of the equator. The Viet Minh remained in control of the north and a non-communist state was formed in the south under Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem. This division was supposed to last only until 1956, when national elections would decide the future of the nation. The Politics Of U.S. Involvement Initially, the United States had little interest in Vietnam and Southeast Asia. However, it soon became clear that the post-WWII world would be dominated by the U.S. and the Soviet Union. The U.S. began isolating communist movements. This strategy ultimately formed into two ideologies: containment and the domino theory. Containment claimed that the goal of communism was to spread to capitalist states and that the only way to stop the spread was to "contain" communism within its borders. Springing from containment was the concept of the domino theory. Under this idea, if one state in a region were to fall to communism, then the surrounding states would become communist, as well. These concepts guided U.S. foreign policy for much of the Cold War. In 1950, the U.S. decided to combat the spread of communism in Vietnam. It began supplying advisers to the French military in Vietnam and funding its efforts against the communist Viet Minh. In 1956, American advisers were sent to train the army of the new Republic of Vietnam in the south. The U.S. goal was to create a force capable of resisting communist forces, but the militia they put together, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), was never very good. The Diem Regime A year after the Geneva Accords, Prime Minister Diem began what he called the "Denounce the Communists" campaign in the south. Throughout the summer of 1955, communists and other opposition members were jailed and executed. In addition to attacking communists, Diem, who was Roman Catholic, attacked Buddhist sects. This further estranged the largely Buddhist Vietnamese people and eroded support. It is estimated Diem executed up to 12,000 opponents and jailed as many as 40,000. To further cement his power, Diem held a rigged ballot on the future of the country in October 1955. He declared the Republic of Vietnam, with its capital at Saigon. Despite this, the U.S. actively supported the Diem government as a defense against communism in the north. In 1957, a low-level guerrilla movement began to emerge in the south. Two years later, Viet Minh groups successfully pressured Ho's government into issuing a secret resolution calling for an armed struggle in the south. Military supplies from the communist north began to flow into the south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The following year, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, the Viet Cong, was formed to carry out the fight. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

第一次印度支那战争 然而，谈判很快破裂。1946年12月，法国人炮轰海防市，并强行进入首都河内。这些行动引发了法国与越盟之间的冲突，史称第一次印度支那战争。这场战争主要在越南北部进行，最初是一场低烈度的农村游击战，越盟部队对法国人进行打了就跑的袭击。1949年，来自中国南方的共产主义军队开始向越盟提供武器，战事随之升级。 1954年，法国在奠边府战役中战败，冲突随之结束。 这场战争最终通过1954年的《日内瓦协议》得以解决。协议暂时将国家沿北纬17度线一分为二。这是一条位于赤道以北17度的纬线。越盟继续控制北方，南方则成立了一个非共产主义国家，由吴庭艳担任总理。这种分裂本应只持续到1956年，届时将通过全国大选决定国家的未来。 美国介入的政治背景 最初，美国对越南和东南亚兴趣不大。然而，很快就清楚，二战后的世界将由美国和苏联主导。美国开始孤立共产主义运动。这一战略最终形成了两种意识形态：遏制政策和多米诺骨牌理论。遏制政策认为，共产主义的目标是向资本主义国家扩张，阻止其蔓延的唯一方法是将其“遏制”在其边界之内。多米诺骨牌理论源于遏制政策。根据这一理论，如果一个地区的某个国家落入共产主义之手，那么周边国家也将随之共产主义化。这些概念在冷战的大部分时间里指导着美国的对外政策。 1950年，美国决定打击共产主义在越南的蔓延。它开始向在越南的法国军队提供顾问，并资助其对抗共产主义越盟的行动。1956年，美国顾问被派往南方，训练新成立的越南共和国军队。美国的目的是建立一支能够抵抗共产主义力量的军队，但他们组建的这支民兵部队，即越南共和国军（ARVN），从未表现出色。 吴庭艳政权 《日内瓦协议》签订一年后，总理吴庭艳在南方发起了他所谓的“谴责共产党人”运动。整个1955年夏天，共产党人和其他反对派成员被监禁和处决。除了打击共产党人，身为罗马天主教徒的吴庭艳还攻击佛教教派。这进一步疏远了以佛教徒为主的越南人民，并侵蚀了他的支持度。据估计，吴庭艳处决了多达12,000名反对者，并监禁了多达40,000人。为了进一步巩固权力，吴庭艳于1955年10月就国家未来举行了一场舞弊的投票。他宣布成立越南共和国，定都西贡。 尽管如此，美国仍积极支持吴庭艳政府，以对抗北方的共产主义。1957年，南方开始出现一场低烈度的游击运动。两年后，越盟团体成功向胡志明政府施压，使其发布了一项秘密决议，呼吁在南方进行武装斗争。来自北方共产主义政权的军事物资开始沿着胡志明小道流入南方。次年，越南南方民族解放阵线（即越共）成立，以开展这场斗争。 本文可在 https://newsela.com 上以5种阅读难度级别获取。

📝 Extracted Text:

newsela Causes of the Vietnam War, 1945-1954 By ThoughtCo., adapted by Newsela staff on 11.21.19 Word Count 901 Level 1060L (From left) Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union, Mao Zedong of China and Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam attend a banquet in Beijing, China, October 1, 1959, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of communist rule in China. Photo by AP The causes of the Vietnam War date back to the end of World War II. During WWII, Japan occupied the French colony Indochina, which was made up of present-day Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. In 1941, a Vietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by Vietnamese communist leader Ho Chi Minh. With the support of the United States, Ho Chi Minh fought a guerrilla war against the Japanese. Ultimately, Japan ended up granting the country independence in name only. On August 14, 1945, Ho Chi Minh launched the August Revolution. The French Return Minh and his army defeated the Japanese. The Allied Powers, however, decided that the region should return to French control. France did not have the troops to retake the area, though, and Chinese forces ended up taking control of the north while the British landed in the south. Under pressure from the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh tried to negotiate with the French, who wanted their colony back. The French were allowed back into Vietnam after they promised that the country would gain independence as part of the French Union. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

🇨🇳 提取文本：

Newsela **越南战争的起因，1945-1954年** 作者：ThoughtCo.，Newsela工作人员于2019年11月21日改编 字数 901 阅读级别 1060L （从左至右）苏联的尼基塔·赫鲁晓夫、中国的毛泽东和越南的胡志明于1959年10月1日在中国北京出席一场宴会，庆祝中国共产党执政十周年。美联社供图 越南战争的起因可以追溯到第二次世界大战结束之时。二战期间，日本占领了法国殖民地印度支那，该地区由今天的越南、老挝和柬埔寨组成。1941年，越南共产党领导人胡志明成立了越南民族主义运动组织——越南独立同盟会（简称越盟）。在美国的支持下，胡志明领导越盟对日本人发动了游击战。最终，日本仅仅在名义上给予了该国独立。1945年8月14日，胡志明发动了八月革命。 **法国卷土重来** 胡志明和他的军队击败了日本人。然而，同盟国决定该地区应重新回到法国的控制之下。但法国当时没有足够的军队来重新夺回该地区，最终中国军队控制了北方，而英国人则登陆了南方。在苏联的压力下，胡志明试图与法国人谈判，法国人则希望收回他们的殖民地。法国人承诺越南将作为法兰西联邦的一部分获得独立后，才被允许返回越南。 本文有5个阅读级别版本，可在https://newsela.com查阅。